During our districtwide engineering concern meeting, we discussed the history of the CTSP and the importance of addressing roadway concerns. This led to issues regarding micromobility, specifically electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric unicycles, and golf carts. We held an e-bike/scooter/unicycle safety discussion for our districtwide meeting in April. Our next districtwide discussion will cover golf cart safety. Undoubtedly, tackling these topics will take a group effort.

Safety Concerns for E-Bicycles, E-Scooters, and E-Unicycles

Last fall, we created a presentation on micromobility, discussing terms, usage, and safety challenges nationally and in Northeast Florida. This general information is a great starting point for our e-devices safety discussion. Please take a moment to review the resource links below. Check out input from CTST member Brian Benwick of the North Florida Bicycle Club. Also, please read the approach to safety written by CTST member Antonia Donnelly, and

Reference Materials for the E-Bike/Scooter/Unicycle Safety Discussion –

• Summary of Florida Legislation statutes regarding electric bicycles
• Traffic Safety Team’s Micromobility Video Presentation
• St. Augustine Launches E-Bikeshare Program | August 2021 | WJCT News
• Nassau County updates rules June 2021 on E-Bikes to comply with recent state legislative action
• City of Neptune Beach Ordinance 2021-14 regarding micromobility and motorized scooters
• NTSB’s Safety Research Report SRR-22-01 Micromobility: Data Challenges Associated with
  Assessing the Prevalence and Risk of Electric Scooter and Electric Bicycle Fatalities and Injuries
• FHWA’s Fact Sheet Micromobility: Emergence of New Transportation Modes
• FHWA’s Public Roads Micromobility: A Travel Mode Innovation
• Learn about the world of electric bikes by People for Bikes Advocacy
• BMJ Journals’ Injuries associated with electric-powered bikes and scooters:
  analysis of US consumer product data
• Federal Lands Planning Program – The Future of E-Bikes on Public Lands Research Study
• New: ScienceDirect Journal of Safety Research, February 2023 – Comparison of motor-vehicle involved e-scooter fatalities with other traffic fatalities

E-Bikes in the News and in Other Communities –

• WUSF Public Media Article: E-bikes are everywhere, but not everyone is happy about that
• Pinellas Beaches Patch: Use Of Electric Bikes, Scooter Addressed In New Treasure Island Rules
• South Tampa-Hyde Park Patch: Voucher Program to Provide eBikes to Tampa Residents
• New York City DOT: Electric Bicycles & More
• Bicycle Retailer and Industry News: E-Bike Regulation Discussion an ‘Eye-Opener’ for Industry
• The New York Times: E-Bikes Are All the Rage. Should They Be?
• 850 WFTL News: U.S. lawmakers reintroduce e-bike tax credit bill
• City of Lake Forest: E-Bike Safety Checklist: Everything Needed to Stay Safe
• San Diego County Bike Coalition: California E-Bike Policy Explained + Safety Basics
• Los Angeles County: E-Scooter and Bicycle Safety Tips

---

Additional Points by Brian Benwick –

First, one of the main issues involving e-bike use and ownership should be mentioned… LITTLE OR NO INSURANCE. (Click here for a Bicycle Floaters Chart.) The liabilities arising from at-fault bicycle accidents can be covered automatically under one’s homeowner policy. However, they are not automatically covered if riding an e-bike. Neither the bike shops, parents, nor the kids who ride e-bikes are familiar with this issue. Generally, this makes e-micromobility somewhat of a public nuisance.

Secondly, we must consider the other types of micromobility before we can single out e-bikes for usage restrictions. Among bikes alone are road, mountain, gravel, cargo, commuter, unicycle, recumbent, elliptical, trikes, and more. And each of these categories more than likely has an e-bike version.  Hoverboards, skateboards, golf carts, scooters, segways, roller skates, wheelchairs, and others would also need to be considered.

Helmet requirements are another concern, as head injuries are devastating. Though not required by law, our club (NFBC) requires them for all participating riders, young or old. But I understand the hygiene issues involved in sharing helmets; we all don’t carry helmets with us wherever we go.

Having owned a class 1 and a class 3 e-bike for four years, I’d like to share a few observations:

• E-bikes are heavy (ranging from 35 -60 pounds or more). This is too heavy for some young kids who cannot manage that kind of weight. So, when they fall on you, they do hurt more.
• The cheaper brands have components that have not been engineered to withstand the higher torque. They also have rear hub-mounted motors that provide 100% power to the wheel(s), making their acceleration unpredictable.
• Mid-mounted frame motors usually have torque sensors that are managed by the rider, allowing a greater benefit from the gearing and being more predictable.
• E-bikes are much more expensive to maintain and repair. The point here being electrifying a bike that uses old and cheap technology is an engineering recipe for disaster when components fail during a ride. (Batteries have burned down apartment buildings in NY, and Raad e-bike bad front brakes have killed the e-bike occupants.)
• In group rides with pacelines, e-bikes can be helpful when leading the group. They can make drafting easier for those who follow them when confronting wind and hills.

More thoughts about E-Bikes to consider:

• The more expensive e-bikes have safer and better batteries with smart technology and “blow up” less frequently. But, if they are equipped with traditional drivetrains, they are much more expensive to maintain. Even more than motor vehicles per mile.
• With a 20-mph maximum for classes 1 & 2, the e-bike rider will get dropped on a group ride where the more athletic non-e-bikers will reach and sustain 22-25+ mph. Getting dropped takes the fun out of the experience for those who bought the e-bike for recovery or are older.
• Europe adopted e-bikes before the US, and they limit their e-bikes to 15 mph as a standard. I don’t recommend this for the road, but I favor a speed limit for sidewalks.
• Many e-bikes have 3-5 power levels. Most have motor wattage ratings of 250 watts (1/3 of a horsepower). Some have 500-watt motors and up to but not including 750 watts to fall within the law allowance. To reach a range of 20-40 miles, most will have to limit the power level to avoid a battery discharge. Charging a fully discharged e-bike battery takes 3-4 hours, depending on the charging rate. Batteries can be $750 to $1,500 to replace.

And lastly, though the e-bike insurance endorsements were recently published, few homeowners insurers are willing to offer coverage. Markel’s specialty program, described in the PDF chart, has a $100,000 maximum liability limit. This is insufficient for an umbrella liability carrier to recognize. I’ve not found any umbrella liability insurers willing to allow such coverage for “e-anything.”  

---

An Approach to E-Bike Safety by Antonia Donnelly –

Problem Statement:

Obviously, the e-bicycle situation is a hot topic. As professionals in the industry, we must take a step back and consider how to improve it. That must start with education. But it’s not just the community’s education – it is educating ourselves on the history, background, purpose, and advocacy. Like it or not, we need to understand and accept all society’s aspects of this mode of transportation.

The laws haven’t been formalized because lawmakers don’t know what they are dealing with. However, check any bicycle injury attorney website; they have already included e-bicycle injury in their portfolios. We can create promotional materials about safety and explain the rules we know about. Specifically the age restriction, speeds, and where the e-bicycle is allowed.

Background:

I have been a triathlete for nearly 16 years and someone who rides a non-powered bicycle in traffic. I learned the things necessary to ensure I don’t get hit by cars, golf carts, etc.  My “ah-ha” moment came after I was knocked off my bicycle while riding in the bike lane of SR 13 in St. Johns County. I was knocked unconscious and had no idea where I was or what had happened. The police report said, ‘I fell off my bicycle’ because no one came forward to say something had happened. 

Of course, kids getting on the e-bicycles have no such history or experience. They don’t understand that cars entering the roads at driveways or intersections can’t often see them. Sometimes, the motorist is hurrying and can misjudge the time it takes the bicycle to close the gap. Especially in Florida, we are constantly mixing users of various machines in the same travel corridors. We all must be more aware of our surroundings. This awareness applies to pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorists – we all value life, safety, and property.

Subject Information:

I found some helpful information that can guide us. This is a starting point for the e-bike safety discussion and promotional materials.

The following tips are from the website EbikeSchool.com Electric Bicycle Safety Tips:  

1. Wear a helmet.
2. Use your lights. At least front white light and rear red LED light on your e-bike.
3. Use warning devices (horns, bells).
4. Ride on the right side of the road, with traffic not against it.
5. Take the lane and watch for parked car doors opening ahead of you.
6. Keep your tires properly inflated.
7. Be a defensive driver – don’t expect traffic to anticipate your movements – slow down in questionable situations.

Safety tips from the North Florida Bicycle Club: 

1. Ride predictably.
2. Watch for road hazards (i.e., wet pavement, objects in the path, pedestrians, or other path users).
3. Obey traffic laws.
4. In Florida, the bicycle is legally defined as a vehicle. Bicyclists using a public roadway are considered operators of vehicles and are responsible for observing traffic laws. It is up to motorists and bicyclists to treat each other with care and respect. Adherence to the law is the foundation of respect.

And finally, here are some general guidelines:

1. Understand where e-bicycles are allowed (sidewalks, multi-use paths, or bike lanes).
2. Share the space with other users (pedestrians, cars, and other bicycles).
3. Keep speeds within the limits of the path/roadway.
4. Know and use hand signals to help traffic know what you are doing (especially when turning).

One thing is for sure; we cannot restrict the sale or use of e-bicycles and e-scooters. Additionally, we cannot task police officers to create enforcement rules about improper use because nothing is written on the matter. At this time, all we can do is come up with safety materials to help parents, students, and other users. Education of the dangers may help limit the number of accidents that could occur.

---

Click here for Florida Legislation statutes regarding electric bicycles (PDF file).